2024 Nobel Prize in Physics Announced
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has conferred the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 to John J. Hopfield of Princeton University, NJ, USA and Geoffrey E. Hinton University of Toronto, Canada
Nobel Prize 2024: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has conferred the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 to John J. Hopfield of Princeton University, NJ, USA and Geoffrey E. Hinton University of Toronto, Canada.
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to the two renowned scientists for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks.
"This year’s two Nobel Laureates in Physics have used tools from physics to develop methods that are the foundation of today’s powerful machine learning", the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.
"John Hopfield created an associative memory that can store and reconstruct images and other types of patterns in data. Geoffrey Hinton invented a method that can autonomously find properties in data, and so perform tasks such as identifying specific elements in pictures", the academy added.
"This year’s laureates have conducted important work with artificial neural networks from the 1980s onward", the acedemy said.
Artificial Intelligence or simply AI means Machine Learning (ML) using artificial neural networks. This technology was originally inspired by the structure of the brain. In an artificial neural network, the brain’s neurons are represented by nodes that have different values.
"These nodes influence each other through connections that can be likened to synapses and which can be made stronger or weaker. The network is trained, for example by developing stronger connections between nodes with simultaneously high values", the Nobel academy said while annoucning the 2024 Physics Nobel.
About John J. Hopfield
Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 winner John J. Hopfield was born on 15 July 1933 in Chicago, IL, USA.
He is currently affiliated with the Princeton University, NJ, USA.
John Hopfield invented a network that uses a method for saving and recreating patterns. We can imagine the nodes as pixels.
"The Hopfield network utilises physics that describes a material’s characteristics due to its atomic spin – a property that makes each atom a tiny magnet. The network as a whole is described in a manner equivalent to the energy in the spin system found in physics, and is trained by finding values for the connections between the nodes so that the saved images have low energy", the academy said.
"When the Hopfield network is fed a distorted or incomplete image, it methodically works through the nodes and updates their values so the network’s energy falls. The network thus works stepwise to find the saved image that is most like the imperfect one it was fed with", it said.
About Geoffrey E. Hinton
Geoffrey E. Hinton who was jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Physics was born on December 06, 1947 in London, UK.
He is currently affiliated with University of Toronto, Canada.
Geoffrey Hinton used the Hopfield network as the foundation for a new network that uses a different method: the Boltzmann machine. This can learn to recognise characteristic elements in a given type of data.
"Hinton used tools from statistical physics, the science of systems built from many similar components. The machine is trained by feeding it examples that are very likely to arise when the machine is run", the academy said.
The Boltzmann machine can be used to classify images or create new examples of the type of pattern on which it was trained. Hinton has built upon this work, helping initiate the current explosive development of machine learning.
“The laureates’ work has already been of the greatest benefit. In physics we use artificial neural networks in a vast range of areas, such as developing new materials with specific properties,” says Ellen Moons, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has started announcing the winners of 2024 Nobel Prize since Monday October 07, 2024.
On the first day of Nobel Prize winners’ announcement, the academy conferred the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to U.S. scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
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