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'India must prepare for conventional wars with
Pakistan, China'
"On a strategic level, the Kargil War vividly demonstrated
that a stable bilateral nuclear deterrence relationship can
markedly inhibit such regional conflicts in intensity and scale-if
not preclude them altogether," says the report on the role of the
Indian Air Force by the Carnegie Endowment »
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Most Indians rightly see the 1962
war between India and China, and a relatively small military
defeat and the major national panic that followed, as a cathartic
event. While 1962 will still be the seminal year for Sino-Indian
relations, it is in 1967 that Indian and Chinese troops last
clashed -- at Nathu La. Since then, not a shot has been fired
across the border.
Nathu La at 14,200 feet is an important pass on the Tibet-Sikkim
border through which passes the old Gangtok-Yatung-Lhasa trade
route. Although the Sikkim-Tibet boundary is well defined, China
never accepted Sikkim as an Indian protectorate with its army
deployed there. During the 1965 India-Pakistan war, China gave an
ultimatum to India to vacate both Nathu La and Jelep La passes on
the Sikkim-Tibet border. Inexplicably, India's 17 Mountain
Division vacated Jelep La. It still remains with China.
At the time of the 1967 clash, India's 2 Grenadiers held Nathu La.
This battalion was under the command of Lt Col (later Brigadier)
Rai Singh. The battalion was under the Mountain Brigade commanded
by Brig M.M.S. Bakshi, MVC.
According to a young Indian officer, the routine at Nathu La
started with patrolling by both sides along the perceived border,
almost always leading to arguments. The only one on the Chinese
side who could converse in broken English was the political
commissar. Sentries of both forces would stand barely one meter
apart in the centre of the Pass.
Arguments between the two sides soon changed to pushing and
shoving. On Sep 6, 1967, a scuffle took place. In order to
de-escalate the situation, the Indian military decided to lay a
wire in the centre of the Pass from Nathu La to Sebu La to
demarcate the perceived border. This task was to be carried out by
the 70 Field Company of Engineers assisted by a company of 18
Rajput. It was to begin Sep 11.
Under a bright morning sun, engineers and soldiers started
erecting long iron pickets from Nathu La to Sebu La while 2
Grenadiers and Artillery Observation Post Officers at Sebu La and
Camel's Back were on alert. Immediately, the Chinese commissar
came to the centre of the Pass.
The commissar asked Lt. Col. Rai Singh to stop laying the wire.
Orders to the Indian Army were clear. They were not to blink. An
argument soon built up into a scuffle. In the melee, the commissar
got roughed up. Thereafter the Chinese went back to their bunkers.
Engineers resumed laying the wire.
Within minutes, a whistle was heard on the Chinese side followed
by murderous medium machine gun fire. Jawans of 70 Field Company
and 18 Rajput were caught in the open and suffered heavy
casualties. Col Rai Singh was wounded. Two brave officers, Capt
Dagar of 2 Grenadiers and Major Harbhajan Singh of 18 Rajput,
rallied a few troops and tried to assault the Chinese MMG but both
died a heroic death.
2 Grenadier opened small arms fire but it was not very effective.
Within the first 10 minutes, there were nearly 70 dead and scores
wounded in the open on the pass. Within half hour, Chinese
artillery opened up on the pass as well as in the depth areas but
it failed to do much damage due to lack of observation.
The Indians sought artillery fire. Because of excellent domination
and observation from Sebu La and Camel's Back, the officer say,
artillery fire was most effective. Most Chinese bunkers were
destroyed and the Chinese suffered very heavy casualties that by
their own estimates were over 400. The artillery duel carried on
day and night.
For the next three days, the Chinese were taught a lesson. On Sep
14, the Chinese threatened use of air force if shelling did not
stop. By then, the lesson had been driven home and an uneasy
ceasefire came about.
The Chinese, true to form, pulled over dead bodies to their side
of the perceived border at night and accused India of violating
the border. Dead bodies were exchanged Sep 15 in the presence of,
among others, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Aurora and Lt. Gen. Sam Maneckshaw,
the Eastern Army Commander.
On Oct 1, 1967, this event repeated itself at Cho La when 7/11
Gurkha Rifles and 10 JAK Rifles were tested by the People's
Liberation Army and similarly not found wanting. The lesson of
1967 has been well learnt by China, just as the lesson of 1962 has
been absorbed by India. Not a single shot has been fired across
the border since then. Today the Indian Army and PLA stand eyeball
to eyeball but the atmosphere is far more relaxed and the two
armies frequently have friendly interactions.
(Mohan Guruswamy is a Distinguished Fellow at the Observer
Research Foundation and heads the Centre for Policy Alternatives,
New Delhi, a privately funded think-tank. He is the author of
several books, the latest being "Chasing the Dragon: Will India
Catch-up with China?" He can be contacted at mohanguru@gmail.com)
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